Experiencia cotidiana de personas con trauma ocular y maxilo facial producto de violencia por agentes del Estado en el contexto del estallido social chileno: aproximaciones desde una perspectiva de derechos humanos / Experiência cotidiana de pessoas com trauma ocular e maxilofacial resultante de violência por agentes do Estado no contexto da crise social chilena: aproximações a partir de uma perspectiva de direitos humanos / Daily experience of people with ocular and maxillofacial trauma as a result of violence by State agents in the context of the Chilean social outbreak: approaches from a human rights perspective

Resumen Introducción La violenta represión ocurrida en Chile durante el estallido social (2019-2020) dejó un número sin precedentes de personas lesionadas con resultado de trauma ocular y maxilofacial producto de la acción de agentes del Estado, desatando una crisis socio-sanitaria que requirió del abordaje las problemáticas de salud con énfasis en el daño estructural y funcional. Objetivo Analizar la experiencia cotidiana de personas afectadas por trauma ocular y/o maxilofacial desde una perspectiva de derechos humanos, con énfasis en aportar antecedentes que contribuyan a los procesos de apoyo funcional y psicosocial. Método Estudio de enfoque cualitativo, considerando el análisis de 3 entrevistas en profundidad centradas en la experiencia cotidiana producida a raíz de la violencia policial. Éstas se analizaron en base a la técnica de análisis de contenido, con una posterior triangulación. Resultados Se apreciaron una serie de interferencias y repercusiones cotidianas producto del trauma, generando el fenómeno de una cotidianidad interferida, además del extrañamiento de sí misma/o. Se discutió sobre el contraste entre las experiencias y expectativas de la atención en salud y procesos de reparación, que resultan aún insuficientes y tienden hacia la revictimización. Conclusión El acceso a rehabilitación funcional y psicosocial es parte fundamental de los procesos de reparación integral de las personas que vivieron estas experiencias traumáticas durante el estallido social. Es fundamental que los dispositivos sanitarios y judiciales profundicen abordajes desde una perspectiva de derechos humanos incorporando el enfoque de género para cumplir los principios de verdad, justicia, reparación y garantías de no repetición.

Resumo Introdução A violenta repressão ocorrida no Chile durante a crise social (2019-2020) deixou um número sem precedentes de pessoas feridas por traumas oculares e maxilofaciais, produto da ação de agentes do Estado, desencadeando uma crise sociossanitária que exigiu a abordagem dos problemas de saúde com ênfase nos danos estruturais e funcionais. Objetivo Analisar a experiência cotidiana de pessoas acometidas por traumas oculares e/ou maxilofaciais sob a ótica dos direitos humanos, com ênfase no fornecimento de informações básicas que contribuam para os processos de apoio funcional e psicossocial. Método Estudo com abordagem qualitativa, considerando a análise de três entrevistas em profundidade, focadas na experiência cotidiana produzida em decorrência da violência policial. Estas foram analisadas ​​com base na técnica de análise de conteúdo, com posterior triangulação de dados. Resultados Observou-se uma série de interferências e repercussões cotidianas em decorrência do trauma, gerando o fenômeno de uma cotidianidade interferida, além do estranhamento de si mesma/o. Discutiu-se o contraste entre as experiências e expectativas da atenção em saúde e processos de reparação, que ainda são insuficientes e tendem à revitimização. Conclusão O acesso à reabilitação funcional e psicossocial é parte fundamental dos processos de reparação integral e psicossocial das pessoas que vivenciaram essas experiências traumáticas durante a crise social. É fundamental que os dispositivos sanitários e judiciais aprofundem as abordagens desde uma perspectiva dos direitos humanos, incorporando o enfoque de gênero para cumprir os princípios de verdade, justiça, reparação e garantias de não repetição.

Abstract Introduction The violent repression that occurred in Chile during the social outbreak (2019-2020) left an unprecedented number of people injured as a result of ocular and maxillofacial trauma as a result of the action by state agents, unleashing a socio-sanitary crisis that required the approach of health problems with an emphasis on structural and functional damage. Objective To analyze the daily experience of people affected by ocular and/or maxillofacial trauma from a human rights perspective, with emphasis on providing background information that contributes to functional and psychosocial support processes. Method Study with a qualitative approach, considering the analysis of three in-depth interviews focused on the daily experience produced as a result of police violence. These were analyzed based on the content analysis technique, with subsequent triangulation. Results A series of interferences and daily repercussions as a result of the trauma were observed, generating the phenomenon of an interfered daily life in addition to self-estrangement. The contrast between the experiences and expectations of health care and reparation processes was discussed, which are still insufficient and tend towards re-victimization. Conclusion Access to functional and psychosocial rehabilitation is a fundamental part of the processes of integral and psychosocial repair for the people who lived through these traumatic experiences during the social outbreak. It is essential that health and judicial mechanisms deepen approaches from a human rights perspective, incorporating the gender approach to comply with the principles of truth, justice, reparation, and guarantees of non-repetition.

Traumatic dental injuries sustained during Chile's civil unrest: A case series study.

BACKGROUND/AIM: During Chile's period of social unrest, numerous people suffered physical trauma due to the use of police force. However, there have been no reports regarding traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) suffered in this context. This study aims to describe the dental trauma of patients injured by police during the social unrest period in Chile from 2019 to 2021. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A case series methodology was employed. Following informed consent, clinical records of patients admitted to the Ocular and Dentomaxillofacial Prosthetic Care and Rehabilitation Program, who were affected by the violence of state agents during social mobilizations, were reviewed from October 2019 to December 2021. Information on the sociodemographic characteristics of the patients and the TDI diagnoses with their treatment needs were collected. A descriptive analysis was performed. RESULTS: Forty-six patients were identified, nine of whom agreed to the informed consent. Most were male, with a mean age of 28 years, public health insurance, and a high educational level. The most common causes of injury were kinetic impact projectiles (KIPs) and the use of physical force (punches, kicks, or pushes). Of the nine cases described, 26 teeth were affected by TDI. The most affected teeth were the central upper incisors and, in most cases, they presented lesions in both injury categories: NA0D.0 (the tooth and pulp) and NA0D.1 (periodontal tissues). Treatment needs varied and included some complex procedures, such as implant-retained crowns and removable dental prostheses. CONCLUSIONS: The use of force by police during the period of social unrest in Chile caused TDIs among demonstrators, which were mainly due to physical force from less-than-lethal weapons. Most cases presented injuries affecting the incisors with multiple teeth requiring complex treatments.

Illness Experience and Quality of Life in Sjögren Syndrome Patients.

Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a disease with autoimmune features that affects mainly women and compromises the health-related quality of Life (HRQoL); it is important to evaluate illness experience for a better understanding of the life situation of the patient. The aim of the study was to summarize the individual life experiences and determine the impact of HRQoL and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) and their correlation with health self-assessment in women with SS. The life experiences evaluation employed a concept mapping design to structure qualitative content obtained from semi-structured interviews. Hierarchical cluster analysis was used to analyze the patient's experiences. EQ-5D-5L and OHIP-14Sp were used. The correlation between appreciation of the general health status and OHIP-14 was evaluated. The experience classification by patients were analyzed and a dendrogram was obtained, identifying 10 clusters of disease experiences of SS, being limitations, pain and difficulties, coping and attitudes towards treatment the most common. Pain/discomfort in EQ-5D-5L and physical pain and psychological discomfort in OHIP-14 were the most affected dimensions in the patients. The results support the theoretical perspective that the experience of illness is relevant to describing the main difficulties of patients with SS and how it affects their quality of life.

Validez y confiabilidad del cuestionario de ansiedad y miedo dental IDAF -4C+ en adultos mayores / Validity and reliability of the Index of Dental Anxiety and Fear (IDAF-4C+) in Chilean older adults

RESUMEN: Objetivo: Determinar la validez aparente, validez de constructo y confiabilidad del cuestionario IDAF-4C+ versión en español, en adultos mayores de dos servicios de atención primaria de la Región Metropolitana, Chile. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal aplicado a 42 adultos mayores de dos servicios de atención primaria de la Región Metropolitana. La validez aparente se determinó mediante el juicio de expertos, la validez de constructo a través del análisis exploratorio confirmatorio, mientras que la confiabilidad se determinó por consistencia interna, exploratorio a través del coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. Resultados: El juicio de expertos no realizó modificación al IDAF-4C+ versión en español. El análisis exploratorio confirmó la presencia de un solo factor, el cual explicó el 60,1% de la varianza, mientras que la confiabilidad arrojó un alfa de Cronbach de 0,901, considerado excelente. Conclusiones: El cuestionario IDAF-4C+ presentó una adecuada validez de contenido, validez aparente y una confiabilidad excelente. Se recomienda su uso para la medición de ansiedad dental en adultos mayores que acuden a los servicios de atención primaria evaluados.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the face validity, construct validity and reliability of the Spanish version of the IDAF-4C + in older adults, patients in two primary health care from the Metropolitan Region, Chile. Material and methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study, 42 older adults from two primary health care centres from the Metropolitan Region set up the sample. Face validity was determined by experts' judgment, construct validity was determined by a confirmatory factorial analysis and reliability was determined by internal consistency exploratory through Cronbach's alfa. Results: The experts did not modify the Spanish version of the IDAF-4C+. The factorial analysis confirmed the presence of only one factor which explains the 60,1% of the variance, and Cronbach's alfa resulted in 0,901, considered as excellent. Conclusions: The Spanish version of IDAF-4C+ is valid and reliable for the measurement of dental anxiety and fear and its use is recommended among older adults who visit primary health care centres in the Metropolitan Region.

Validez de contenido, de constructo y confiabilidad del Dental Anxiety Scale en adultos chilenos / Content validity, construct validity and reliability of the Dental Anxiety Scale in Chilean adults

INTRODUCCIÓN: La ansiedad dental impacta profundamente en la salud oral de un paciente, determinando el pronóstico y adherencia a tratamiento, sin embargo, existe poca información de instrumentos validados que evalúen este constructo. El OBJETIVO de este estudio es evaluar las propiedades psicométricas del Dental Anxiety Scale versión en español en adultos en servicios de atención primaria de la Región Metropolitana, Chile. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Estudio transversal descriptivo aplicado a 169 adultos acompañantes de un servicio de atención primaria. La validez de contenido se determinó con metodología Delphi, la validez de constructo a través del análisis factorial confirmatorio y la confiabilidad a través de análisis de consistencia interna mediante Alfa de Cronbach. RESULTADOS: El juicio de expertos no modificó la versión en español. El análisis factorial confirmó la presencia de un solo factor, el cual explicó el 65,44% de la varianza, mientras que la confiabilidad arrojó un alfa de Cronbach de 0,822, considerado bueno. DISCUSIÓN: El Dental Anxiety Scale presentó una adecuada validez de contenido, validez de constructo y buena confiabilidad. Se recomienda su uso para la medición de ansiedad dental en adultos que acuden a servicios de atención primaria en la Región Metropolitana.

INTRODUCTION: Dental anxiety can strongly affect oral health, modifying the prognosis and treatment's adherence. The level of dental anxiety has to be considered when proposing a treatment plan. The AIM of this study is to measure the psychometric properties of the Dental Anxiety Scale in the Spanish version, applied to adults in primary health institutions of the Metropolitan Region, Chile METHODS: 169 adults were recruited. To determine content validity, the Delphi method was used; the confirmatory factor analysis was used to demonstrate the construct validity. Reliability was measured in terms of internal consistency with the Cronbach's alpha coefficient. RESULTS: The experts did not modify the Spanish version of DAS. The factorial analysis confirmed that there was a single factor that accounted for 65,44% of variance. A 0,882 Cronbach's alfa is considered as good reliability. CONCLUSION: Dental Anxiety Scale presents an appropriate construct and content validity, and a good reliability. It is a proper instrument to be used in adults in primary health care centers in the Metropolitan Region.

Evaluación clínica objetiva estructurada sobre competencias comunicativas y psicosociales en odontología / Objective structured clinical examination of or about health communication and psychosocial factors in Dentistry

Introducción: La Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Chile, en el contexto de su innovación curricular, desarrolló una evaluación clínica objetiva estructurada de carácter formativo utilizando la metodología de pacientes simulados y enfocada a las habilidades comunicacionales que debe tener el estudiante para el adecuado desarrollo de una entrevista clínica. Objetivo: Describir el desempeño, en cuanto a habilidades comunicacionales e identificación de factores psicosociales, durante la realización de esta actividad, de estudiantes de segundo año. Sujetos y métodos: Estudio no experimental, transversal, descriptivo, con un muestreo intencionado de 32 estudiantes. Los pacientes simulados y el grupo de pares evaluaron el desempeño de los 32 estudiantes. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos a través de tablas de frecuencia y se evaluó la diferencia en la percepción de desempeño entre paciente simulado y grupo de pares mediante chi al cuadrado. Resultados: Los estudiantes no lograron un buen desempeño al indagar por aspectos socioemocionales del paciente, ni al asegurarse de que el paciente comprendiera las indicaciones del dentista. La percepción de los pacientes simulados y los pares observadores difiere en casi todos los aspectos evaluados, menos en la amabilidad del estudiante participante. Conclusiones: Los pacientes simulados son más estrictos a la hora de evaluar las habilidades comunicacionales y psicosociales de los estudiantes, en comparación con el grupo de pares. La consideración de los factores psicosociales y las habilidades comunicacionales constituyen un factor débil al término del segundo año de formación del odontólogo

Introduction: The School of Dentistry of the Universidad de Chile has done an objective structured clinical evaluation centered on communicative competencies that a student should have for the proper development of a clinical interview. Aim: To describe the perception of achievement, in the matter of communicative and psychosocial competencies in students of second grade acting in this activity, on the career of dentistry at Universidad de Chile. Subjects and methods: This is a non-experimental, cross-sectional, descriptive study, with a purposive sampling of 32 students. The simulated patients and the group of pairs evaluated the achievement of 32 students on the activity. Descriptive analysis was done through frequency tables. In addition, the difference on perception of achievement between simulated patient and group of pairs was evaluated through chi-squared test. Results: The students did not achieve a satisfactory performance when socioemotional attributes were probed, neither when verifying patient's understanding about dentist's indications. The perception of simulated patients and observer pairs disagrees on almost all attributes assessed, excepting the kindness of the performing student. Conclusions: Simulated patients are more stringent when they evaluate communicative and psychosocial abilities of the students, contrasting with the group of pairs. Psychosocial and communicative attributes are still a weakness on dentist's preparation

Music Distraction Effectiveness in Dental Anxiety and Treatment Adherence in 6-Year-Old Children: A Randomized Clinical Trial / Efectividad de la Distracción Musical Sobre la Ansiedad Dental y Adherencia a Tratamiento en Niños de 6 Años: Ensayo Clínico Aleatorizado

ABSTRACT: Dental anxiety can be a barrier to following healthy behaviours. Musical distraction is an effective strategy to reduce dental anxiety and improve treatment adherence. The aim was to determine the effect of musical distraction on dental anxiety and treatment adherence in 6-year-old children. Multicenter randomized control trial with 176 children who were allocated into two parallel groups. One group received usual dental care (N 88), and the other was exposed to musical distraction during usual dental care (N 88). The primary outcome was dental anxiety and secondary was oral health status and oral health care behaviours. Both were assessed at baseline, discharged and six-month follow-up. Mid/high dental anxiety was exhibited by 16.1 % of the children. Musical distraction had no effect on dental anxiety levels in the experimental compared with the control group at any of the time points assessed. The size effect was 0.35 and 0.15 (Cliff's Delta) for baseline-discharge and 0.57 and 0.35 for baseline-six month. Only 47.7 % of the sample attended at 6-month follow-up. Dental anxiety is not prevalent in the sample and is not beneficially reduced by musical distraction. The educational actions of the dental care programme are not sufficient to attain permanent long-term changes in oral health behaviour.

RESUMEN: La ansiedad dental puede ser una barrera para seguir conductas saludables. La distracción musical es una estrategia efectiva para reducir la ansiedad dental y mejorar la adherencia al tratamiento. El objetivo fue determinar el efecto de la distracción musical sobre la ansiedad dental y la adherencia al tratamiento en niños de 6 años. Ensayo multicéntrico de control aleatorizado con 176 niños asignados a dos grupos paralelos. Un grupo recibió atención dental habitual (n 88) y el otro estuvo expuesto a distracción musical durante el cuidado dental habitual (N 88). El resultado primario fue la ansiedad dental y secundaria fue el estado de salud oral y las conductas de salud oral. Ambos fueron evaluados al inicio, dados de alta y seguidos durante seis meses. La ansiedad dental media / alta fue exhibida por 16,1 % de los niños. La distracción musical no tuvo ningún efecto sobre los niveles de ansiedad dental en el grupo experimental en comparación con el grupo control en ninguno de los momentos evaluados. El efecto del tamaño fue 0,35 y 0,15 (Cliff's Delta) para el inicio y el alta y 0,57 y 0,35 para el inicio y los seis meses de seguimiento. Solo el 47,7 % de la muestra asistió a los 6 meses de seguimiento. La ansiedad dental no prevalece en la muestra y no se ve beneficiada por la distracción musical. Las acciones educativas del programa de atención dental no son suficientes para lograr cambios permanentes a largo plazo en el comportamiento de salud oral.

Ansiedad dental en adultos chilenos que concurren a un servicio de salud primaria / Dental anxiety in Chilean adults who attend a primary care health service

El objetivo fue identificar el nivel de ansiedad dental en una muestra de adultos chilenos que concurren a un servicio de atención de salud primaria. Se realizó un estudio transversal, obteniendo una muestra de 174 adultos, con edades entre los 20 y 70 años, pertenecientes al área urbana de Santiago de Chile, y que acudían en calidad de acompañantes de niños(as) que asistían a atención dental. Se registraron datos socio-demográficos y fecha de último control dental. Se aplicó la escala de ansiedad dental de Corah. Se realizaron estadísticos descriptivos, prueba t, prueba U de Mann Whitney y prueba de Spearman. Se trabajó con un error de significancia del 5 %. Un 37,9% de la muestra presentó ansiedad dental, en sus niveles moderado (16,1 %), severo (13,2 %) y fobia dental (8,6 %). A nivel educacional, los sujetos con educación básica completa presentaron la mayor frecuencia (57,1 %) de ansiedad, mientras que los de educación superior incompleta presentaron la menor frecuencia (25 %). No se observaron asociaciones entre ansiedad dental y edad, sexo, nivel educacional, índice per cápita y último control dental. La muestra de adultos encuestados de Santiago de Chile presentó altos niveles de ansiedad dental en comparación con países desarrollados. Se recomienda realizar más estudios en dicha población para determinar las variables que explican el problema de la ansiedad dental en la población chilena.

The objective of this study is to identify the level of dental anxiety in a sample of Chilean adults who attend a service of primary health care. A cross-sectional study was carried out. The sample consisted of 174 caregivers of pediatric dental patients, aged between 20 and 70 years, belonging to the urban area of Santiago de Chile. A questionnaire that included socio-demographic information (sex, age, educational level, income per capita index and last dental visit) were registered. Corah's Dental Anxiety Scale was applied. Descriptive statistics and t-test, U-Mann Whitney test and Spearman test was used. An error of significance of 5% was applied. 37.9 % of thesample shows dental anxiety in their moderate levels (16.1 %), severe (13.2 %) and dental phobia (8.6 %). Of the subjects who had dental anxiety, the majority had moderate anxiety (42.4 %). In an educational level, subjects with complete basic education have the highest rate (57.1 %) of anxiety, while incomplete higher education had the lowest rate (25 %). Adults between 50 and 59 years reported greater presence of dental anxiety. There were not significant associations between dental anxiety and age, sex, educational level, per capita rate and last dental visit. The sample of adults surveyed in Santiago de Chile presented high levels of dental anxiety compared to other developed countries. We recommend further studies in this population to determine the variables that explain the problem of dental anxiety in the Chilean population.

Illness Experiences in Women with Oral Dryness as a Result of Sjögren's Syndrome: The Patient Point of View.

BACKGROUND: Sjögren's syndrome and the associated dryness can have multiple consequences. The aim of the present qualitative study was to give an in-depth account of the life experiences of women with primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) and health-related behaviours, and to summarize these experiences in an integrated model. METHODS: Twelve women diagnosed with pSS who regularly attended the Hospital of the University of Chile participated in detailed interviews. The data were analysed using qualitative methods based on the principles of grounded theory. RESULTS: Selective coding identified three categories: illness experience, social interaction and psychological response. An integrated model was developed connecting these dynamic aspects and suggesting how they could lead to a life cycle crisis in cases of maladjustment. We found that problem-solving strategies, reconstruction of identity, acceptance and a social support may prevent this life cycle crisis. DISCUSSION: Xerostomia and other consequences of pSS can have a profound influence on daily life. However, the severity of the consequences depends on individual experiences with the illness, social influences and the psychological responses of the patient. Physicians, dentists and other healthcare professionals can help the patient by listening to their problems and exploring solutions based on a psychological approach.

Satisfacción del uso de brackets metálicos en relación a higiene oral, confort y autopercepción estética / Satisfaction with the use of metal brackets in relation to oral hygiene, comfort and esthetic self-perception

Introducción: aunque el uso de braquets está destinado a mejorar la estética dental, también se asocia a reacciones negativas al requerir de aparatos fijos visibles que alteran la fisonomía, aspectos funcionales y de higiene oral del paciente. Esto podría determinar una baja adherencia al tratamiento ortodóncico. Objetivo: evaluar la satisfacción del paciente con brackets metálicos en relación con la higiene oral, confort y autopercepción estética en la primera y cuarta semana de tratamiento. Métodos: se desarrolló un estudio observacional, longitudinal, prospectivo de base individual. A partir del juicio de tres expertos se construyó un cuestionario de satisfacción para tratamiento ortodóncico basado en 10 preguntas referidas a las dimensiones de higiene oral, confort y autopercepción estética. Del universo de pacientes próximos a comenzar su tratamiento en el Instituto Nacional de Ortodoncia en Santiago de Chile, se estimó una muestra 45 individuos, según los antecedentes descritos por Caniklioglu. Fueron seleccionados por conveniencia, entre mayo y junio de 2012. Los criterios de inclusión consideraron hombres y mujeres mayores de 15 años. Se excluyó a quienes habían mantenido tratamientos ortodóncicos previos o que tuvieran enfermedades invalidantes para responder el cuestionario. Resultados: la confiabilidad final del cuestionario alcanzó un α= 0,769. El cambio en los puntajes entre la primera y segunda medición fue de 8,06 ± 1,65 a 10,82 ± 1,52 puntos en la dimensión de higiene oral; de 10,51 ± 2,2 a 15,42 ± 1,97 puntos en la de confort y de 8,64 ± 1,83 a 11,37 ± 1,64 puntos en la autopercepción estética. El puntaje total fue de 27,2 ± 4,48 puntos en la primera semana de tratamiento y de 37,6 ± 4,02 puntos en la cuarta semana. Conclusiones: el nivel de satisfacción general en pacientes chilenos portadores de braquets metálicos mejora de la primera a la cuarta semana de instalados los aparatos, así como en cada una de sus dimensiones: higiene oral, confort y autopercepción estética(AU)

Introduction: although brackets are intended to improve dental esthetics, they are also associated with negative reactions, due to the need to use visible fixed appliances altering the patient's physiognomy, functional capacity and oral hygiene. This could lead to low adherence to orthodontic treatment. Objective: evaluate patient satisfaction with metal brackets in relation to oral hygiene, comfort and esthetic self-perception in the first and fourth weeks of treatment. Methods: an longitudinal prospective observational study was conducted on an individual basis. Starting from the judgment of three experts, an orthodontic treatment satisfaction questionnaire was developed based on 10 questions about the variables oral hygiene, comfort and esthetic self-perception. From the universe of patients about to start treatment at the National Institute of Orthodontics in Santiago de Chile, a sample of 45 individuals was selected applying the antecedents described by Caniklioglu. Participants were selected by convenience between May and June 2012. All male and female patients aged over 15 years were included, except for those who had undergone previous orthodontic treatment or suffered from conditions preventing them from answering the questionnaire. Results: final reliability of the questionnaire was α= 0.769. Score variation between the first and the second measurement was 8.06 ± 1.65 to 10.82 ± 1.52 points for oral hygiene, 10.51 ± 2.2 to 15.42 ± 1.97 points for comfort and 8.64 ± 1.83 to 11.37 ± 1.64 points for esthetic self-perception. Total score was 27.2 ± 4.48 points for the first week of treatment and 37.6 ± 4.02 points for the fourth week. Conclusions: overall satisfaction among Chilean patients wearing metal brackets improves from the first to the fourth week after installation of the appliance. This applies to all three dimensions: oral hygiene, comfort and esthetic self-perception(AU)

Psychological factors and his influence in the oral health of older people: a narrative review / Factores psicológicos y su influencia en la salud oral en el adulto mayor: una revisión narrativa

Abstract: there has been a significant growth in the elderly population of developing countries. This growth leads health systems in those countries to face an increase in consultations for oral diseases for this age group. Therefore, the biopsychosocial approach is essential for healthy aging in the elderly. The objectives of this review article are to identify the psychological factors that have a relationship with most prevalent oral diseases in elderly people (dental caries and periodontal disease), and then describe how tooth loss, the principal consequence of caries and periodontal disease, impacts the mental health of older people. Finally, some proposals for dental work in the elderly are discussed, considering the psychological factors related to oral health.

Resumen: este último tiempo, ha existido un aumento significativo de los adultos mayores en los países en desarrollo. Este aumento lleva a estas naciones a enfrentar un crecimiento en las consultas dentales para este grupo etáreo. Bajo este contexto, es que la aproximación biopsicosocial es esencial para el envejecimiento saludable en la tercera edad. El objetivo de este artículo de revisión sería, en primer lugar, dentificar los factores psicológicos que tienen relación con las enfermedades más prevalentes en el adulto mayor (caries dental y enfermedad periodontal), para luego describir como la pérdida de dientes, principal consecuencia de la caries y enfermedad periodontal, impacta en la salud mental del adulto mayor. Finalmente, se discuten algunas propuestas para el trabajo dental en el adulto mayor, considerando los factores psicológicos relacionados a la salud oral.

Fuentes de estrés percibidas y rendimiento académico de estudiantes de odontología chilenos / Perceived sources of stress and academic performance of Chilean dental students

Objetivo: Evaluar la influencia de distintas fuentes de estrés en el rendimiento académico de estudiantes de odontología de la Universidad de Chile. Sujetos y métodos: Se utilizó el cuestionario de estrés en el ambiente dental (DESQ) modificado de 25 preguntas, que se aplicó al 60% de los estudiantes de cada año. Se compararon distintas fuentes de estrés percibidas entre los cursos. La prueba r de Pearson se utilizó para determinar la influencia de las fuentes de estrés en el rendimiento académico. Resultados: Una muestra de 302 estudiantes respondió el cuestionario. Entre los resultados se identificó que las principales fuentes de estrés en todos los cursos eran las calificaciones y los exámenes, el miedo a fallar en un curso o un año y la falta de tiempo para relajarse. Un factor de estrés importante para los cursos superiores fue la atmósfera negativa creada por los supervisores clínicos. La carga de trabajo presentó una correlación negativa con el rendimiento académico, mientras que la práctica preclínica y clínica mostraron una correlación positiva. Conclusiones: El cuarto año parece ser el más estresante. El contacto temprano con los pacientes y una mejor planificación curricular y administración deben ponerse en práctica para evitar el aumento del estrés de la formación clínica

Aim: To assess the influence of perceived sources of stress amongst University of Chile dental students on their academic performance. Subjects and methods: In this research was used a modified Dental Environment Stress Questionnaire (DESQ) consisting of 25 questions was applied to 60% of students of each year. Tests were applied to compare perceived sources of stress between courses. The Pearson r test was used to determine the influence of stress sources on academic performance. Results: A sample of 302 students answered the questionnaire. In results, the main sources of stress in all courses were grades and examinations, fear of failing a course or a year and lack of time to relax. An important stressor for higher courses was the negative atmosphere created by clinical supervisors. Workload showed a negative correlation with academic performance, and preclinical and clinical training showed a positive correlation. Conclusions: The fourth year seems being the most stressful. Earlier contact with patients and an improvement in curriculum planning and administration should be put in practice to avoid the increased stress of the clinical training

Eficacia de las técnicas de percepción de control y relajación en la reducción de ansiedad dental / Effectiveness of the control sensing techniques and relaxation in reducing dental anxiety

La ansiedad dental (AD) es un problema frecuente en la atención dental y constituye una barrera para el éxito terapéutico. El objetivo del estudio es determinar la eficacia de dos estrategias psicológicas para la reducción de la AD. Se conformaron tres grupos de 20 pacientes adultos cada uno, que se incorporaban a atención dental. El primer grupo fue apoyado con técnicas de percepción de control (PC), el segundo con técnica de relajación (R) y un tercero recibió la atención habitual (control). Se midió la AD utilizando la escala de Corah. El grupo PC tuvo una disminución significativa del porcentaje de sujetos con AD. Al término de las sesiones, el 40% de los sujetos con PC se ubicaron en el rango de baja ansiedad. La técnica de Percepción de Control es una estrategia más eficaz que la relajación en la reducción de ansiedad dental, cuando es aplicada por el dentista

Dental anxiety is a frequent problem in dentistry. It is one of the main barriers for therapeutic success. The aim of the study is to determinate the efficacy between two anxiety reduction psychological techniques. Three groups of 20 patients each received clinical dental sessions. The Control Perception (PC) technique was applied to the first group, the Relaxation (R) technique to the second and the third received the usual dental care (control group). Anxiety degree was assessed using the Corah Scale. Data showed a significant reduction in dental anxiety only in the PC group after the sessions. At the end of interventions, forty percent (40%) of the PC group and only a 15% of the R and control group ranged in low anxiety degree. The PC technique is simply to apply and more effective to reduce levels of dental anxiety than the relaxation technique, when applied by the dentist

Perfil psicológico de los estudiantes de 1er año de enfermería: estudio preliminar / Psychological profile of 1st year nursing students: preliminary study

La presente investigación tuvo como propósito elaborar un perfil de los estudiantes de primer año de la carrera de Enfermería de la Universidad Santo Tomás, con la finalidad de obtener información sobre los diversos ámbitos del funcionamiento del alumno. Se realizó un estudio de tipo exploratorio-descriptivo, con una muestra compuesta por 71 sujetos de ambos sexos. A éstos se les aplicaron los inventarios de personalidad MIPS (Inventario Millón de Estilos de Personalidad) y el POI (Inventario de Auto-Actualización Personal). Los resultados indican que los sujetos en el MIPS manifiestan una presencia marcada de los rasgos: apertura, sensación, sistematización, firmeza, conformismo y control. Los hallazgos del POI indican que los estudiantes presentan un alto nivel de autoaprecio, y un adecuado nivel de autonomía, espontaneidad, autoaceptación y aceptación de la agresión.

The present research protocol was designed to develop a psychological profile of first year nursing students at Santo Tomás University, and therefore obtain information related to different behavioral areas. An exploratory-descriptive research protocol for 71 students of both genders was designed. Million Indexes of Personality Styles (MIPS) and Personal Orientation Inventory (POI) were used. The results of MIPS showed a marked presence of these traits: Openness, Feeling, Systematization, Strength, Conformity and Control. The POI results showed the students possessed a high level of self regard, and an adequate level of support ratio, spontaneity, self acceptance and acceptance of aggression.